5 Most FAQ’s of Transportation Chapter in Class 10th Biology (TS/AP)

8 Marks

LAQ-1 : What is a cardiac cycle? Explain the steps involved in it.

Introduction

The cardiac cycle is a critical process that occurs in the heart, involving a series of steps that allow blood to be pumped throughout the body. This process includes both contraction and relaxation phases of the heart’s four chambers (two atria and two ventricles). In this explanation, we will break down the different stages of the cardiac cycle, using simple and easy-to-understand language.

The Cardiac Cycle Defined

Defined as a sequence of events that includes the contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart muscles. This cycle involves a coordinated series of contractions and relaxations of the heart’s atria and ventricles. In this cycle:

• The relaxation phase is referred to as Diastole, where the heart muscles relax.
• The contraction phase is known as Systole, during which the heart muscles contract.

First Diastole Phase

The cardiac cycle’s starting point is when all four chambers of the heart are in a relaxed state. During this initial phase, known as the heart chambers filling phase, the chambers fill with blood, setting the stage for the subsequent phase of the cycle.

First Systole Phase

1. Blood Entry: Blood enters the heart as it flows into the right atrium from the Venae Cavae and simultaneously into the left atrium from the Pulmonary Veins.
2. Atria Contraction: The atria contract, effectively forcing blood into the ventricles, preparing the heart for the next stage of the cardiac cycle.

Second Diastole Phase

In the cardiac cycle, ventricle filling occurs when the ventricles fill with blood received from the atria. Subsequently, the atrioventricular valves close, functioning to prevent blood from flowing backward, ensuring proper circulation and the next steps of the cardiac process.

Ventricular Systole Phase

1. Initial Phase – Chambers Filling: The cardiac cycle’s starting point is when all four chambers of the heart are in a relaxed state, leading to the heart chambers filling with blood.
2. Ventricle Contraction Phase – LUB Sound: As the cycle progresses, the ventricles contract, pushing blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery, accompanied by the LUB sound from the closing of the atrioventricular valves.
3. Ventricle Relaxation Phase – DUB Sound: During ventricle relaxation, there’s a reduction in internal pressure and the closure of the semilunar valves, preventing backward blood flow and producing the DUB sound.

Second Diastole Phase

1. Ventricle Relaxation – Reduced Pressure: Ventricle relaxation occurs as the ventricles relax, leading to a reduction in internal pressure.
2. Closure of Semilunar Valves – Preventing Backflow: This phase is followed by the closure of the semilunar valves, located between the blood vessels and ventricles, functioning to prevent blood from flowing backward.
3. Auditory Signal – DUB Sound: The closure of these valves produces the DUB sound, a distinctive auditory signal marking this phase of the cardiac cycle.

Summary

The cardiac cycle is a continuous process involving the contraction and relaxation of the heart’s chambers, crucial for maintaining effective blood circulation and oxygen delivery throughout the body. It consists of two main phases, diastole and systole, and is marked by two distinct sounds, “LUB” and “DUB.”

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LAQ-2 : What is transport system? How does this helps to the organism? (OR) Give the necessity of transport system in the living organism.

Introduction

The transport system in living organisms is a critical process that ensures the proper functioning of the body. This system manages the movement of various substances within the body, including nutrients, gases, and hormones, and is not limited to human beings but extends to many living organisms. From the human cardiovascular system to the vascular system in plants, each organism has a unique way of transporting essential elements.

Definition of Transport System

The transport system in living organisms involves the movement of various substances within the body. This includes systems like the human cardiovascular system and the vascular systems in plants, which are essential for life processes.

Importance of the Transport System

1. Transportation of Nutrients and Gases: The transport system is essential for carrying nutrients and gases, like oxygen and carbon dioxide, in humans, and for eliminating waste material from the body.
2. Hormone Transportation – Bodily Function Regulation: It is responsible for the transport of hormones, which are crucial in controlling and coordinating various bodily functions.
3. Temperature Regulation in Warm-Blooded Animals: In warm-blooded animals, the transport system also plays a key role in maintaining a stable body temperature.

Transportation in Detail

Transportation refers to moving substances from their production site to where they are needed within the body. It acts like a delivery system, ensuring that the right materials, like blood cells in animals or water and nutrients in plants, reach the right places at the right times.

Consequences of Failure

1. Consequences of Transport System Failure: If the transport system fails, it can result in diseases or even death.
2. Examples of System Failure – Humans and Plants: In humans, blockages in blood vessels can lead to heart attacks or strokes. Similarly, in plants, a failure in the transport system can cause wilting or death.
3. Importance in Health and Well-being: These examples underscore the transport system’s critical role in maintaining the health and well-being of an organism.

Summary

1. Complexity and Vitality of Transport System: The transport system in living organisms is a complex and vital mechanism essential for growth, maintenance, waste removal, hormone transportation, and, in some cases, temperature regulation.
2. Consequences of System Failure: A failure in this system can result in severe consequences, including diseases or death.
3. Importance in Understanding Organism Functioning: Understanding the transport system’s role is crucial for grasping the diverse ways in which organisms function and thrive.

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LAQ-3 : Explain the process of coagulation of blood?

Introduction

The coagulation of blood, commonly known as blood clotting, is a crucial process that occurs when a person sustains an injury. It transforms blood from a liquid to a solid form at the injury site, preventing excessive bleeding. Blood coagulation is a complex sequence of events involving multiple components of the blood, which we will simplify for a clearer understanding.

Defining Coagulation of Blood

Coagulation of blood is the formation of a blood clot at the site of an injury. Its primary purpose is to curb excessive bleeding, as part of the body’s hemostatic response to prevent blood loss.

The Process of Coagulation

1. Platelet and Enzyme Release Upon Injury: When an injury occurs and blood vessels are damaged, platelets in the blood and damaged tissues release an enzyme known as thrombokinase (or factor X).
2. Activation of Prothrombin to Thrombin: Thrombokinase activates prothrombin, a protein in the blood plasma, converting it into thrombin.
3. Fibrin Formation from Fibrinogen: Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen, a soluble protein in the plasma, converting it into fibrin, an insoluble protein. Fibrin’s thread-like structure forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets, creating a stable clot at the wound site.
4. Serum Separation and Clot Retraction: Following clot formation, serum, the liquid portion of blood without clotting factors and cells, separates from the clot during the clot retraction phase.

Summary

The process of blood coagulation is a vital physiological response to injuries. It involves the transformation of blood components, leading to the formation of a stable clot that prevents excessive loss of blood and initiates the healing process. Understanding this sequence is crucial for grasping how the body responds to injuries and maintains hemostasis.

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LAQ-4 : Write a short note on human lymphatic system and its functions.

Introduction

The human lymphatic system, a crucial part of our immune system, plays an essential role in protecting us from infections and maintaining fluid balance. In this note, we’ll explore what the lymphatic system is and its main functions.

Understanding the Lymphatic System

1. Composition of Lymph: Lymph is more than just the fluid part of the blood; it includes white blood cells and other immune components.
2. Formation of Lymph: Lymph forms when interstitial fluid is collected into lymphatic capillaries.
3. Lymphatic System Components: The lymphatic system comprises lymphatic capillaries, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs such as the spleen and thymus.
4. Unidirectional Flow of Lymph: The system has a unidirectional flow, collecting lymph from tissue spaces, moving it through capillaries, vessels, and nodes, and eventually returning it to the bloodstream through the subclavian veins.

The Circulation Process

1. Initial Collection of Lymph: Lymph is initially collected from the tissues.
2. Movement Through Lymphatic System: After collection, lymph moves to lymphatic capillaries and then travels through lymph vessels, passing through lymph nodes.
3. Return to Bloodstream: Finally, lymph is returned to the bloodstream via the venule system, moving through veins towards the heart.
4. Facilitation by Muscle Contractions: This entire process of lymph movement is facilitated by muscle contractions.

Functions of Lymph

1. Defense Against Infections: The lymphatic system is crucial in defending the body against infections, as lymph contains lymphocytes that help fight pathogens.
2. Nutrient Transport and Fat Absorption: While the lymphatic system transports nutrients, its primary role in nutrient transport is the absorption and transport of fats from the intestine.
3. Waste Removal and Fat Distribution: Lymph also plays a vital role in removing waste materials from cells and in distributing digested fats throughout the body.

Summary

The human lymphatic system is an intricate network integral to the immune system. It handles the circulation of lymph, performing multiple functions such as infection protection, fat absorption and distribution, waste removal, and the transportation of immune cells. A thorough understanding of the lymphatic system provides insights into the body’s complex methods of maintaining health and balance.

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LAQ-5 : What is called pumping station in human body? Explain its structure with suitable diagram.

Introduction

In the human body, the heart is often referred to as the “pumping station” due to its crucial role in circulating blood through the circulatory system. This complex organ’s unique structure enables it to carry out this vital function efficiently. We will now explore the heart’s structure and components, highlighting its role as the body’s primary blood circulator.

Structure of the Heart

1. Heart Structure and Size: The heart is pear-shaped and approximately the size of a fist, with a triangular outline.
2. Pericardium Encasement: It is encased in a double-layered membrane called the pericardium, with pericardial fluid between the layers for lubrication.
3. Internal Division into Chambers: Internally, the heart is divided into four chambers: the upper two chambers are the atria (singular: atrium), and the lower two are the ventricles.
4. Chamber Characteristics: The walls of the ventricles are thicker than those of the atria. Chambers are separated by partitions (septa) and connected via valves such as the mitral and tricuspid valves.

Major Blood Vessels Originating from the Heart

1. Connection to Major Blood Vessels: The heart is connected to several major blood vessels.
2. Venae Cavae – Blood Collection: The Superior Vena Cava collects blood from the upper body, and the Inferior Vena Cava from the lower body.
3. Aorta – Oxygenated Blood Supply: The Aorta, the largest artery in the body, supplies oxygenated blood to all parts of the body.
4. Pulmonary Artery and Vein – Lung Circulation: The Pulmonary Artery, uniquely carrying deoxygenated blood, transports blood from the heart to the lungs. The Pulmonary Vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart.

Valves and Blood Supply

The Tricuspid Valve connects the right atrium and right ventricle, while the Bicuspid (or Mitral) Valve links the left atrium and left ventricle. The heart’s own blood supply is maintained by the coronary arteries and veins, which nourish the heart muscles.

Summary

The human heart, the body’s pumping station, is essential for circulating blood throughout the body. Its intricate structure, with four chambers, major blood vessels, and specialized valves, is designed for efficient blood circulation. A comprehensive understanding of the heart’s structure and function is fundamental in the study of human biology and physiology, offering key insights into the workings of our bodies.