9 Most SAQ’s of Excretion Chapter in Class 10th Biology (TS/AP)

4 Marks

SAQ-1 : Write four slogans for the propaganda on organ donation.

1. “Give Life, Donate Organs”
   This slogan directly communicates the life-saving impact of organ donation. It’s straightforward and emphasizes the gift of life that organ donors provide.
2. “Donate Organs, Be a Blessing”
   This version of the slogan maintains the spiritual aspect while also highlighting the donor as a source of blessing and hope for recipients.
3. “One Kidney, Double the Hope”
   This slogan simplifies the message about kidney donation, making it more memorable. It underscores the idea that a single kidney can significantly change another person’s life.
4. “Join the Life-Saving Mission: Donate Organs”
   This slogan is a call to action that frames organ donation as a mission, appealing to the sense of purpose and contribution to a noble cause.

Summary

These revised slogans for organ donation are crafted to enhance awareness, inspire action, and engage the public in this vital cause. They combine simplicity, emotional appeal, and a clear call to action to motivate more individuals to consider organ donation. Each slogan brings a unique perspective, from highlighting the life-saving impact to emphasizing the donor’s role as a blessing. These messages serve as powerful tools in the campaign to increase organ donation rates and save lives.

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SAQ-2 : Prepare four questions you will ask a nephrologist about kidney failure?

Introduction

Kidney failure is a critical health issue where the kidneys are no longer able to effectively filter waste and excess fluids from the blood. A nephrologist specializes in kidney care and the treatment of kidney diseases. Below are four relevant questions to consider asking a nephrologist about kidney failure.

Questions

1. “What are the Causes of Kidney Failure?”
   This question aims to understand the various factors that can lead to kidney failure. These might include underlying diseases, chronic conditions, or specific incidents like injuries.
2. “What are the Symptoms of Kidney Failure?”
   Knowing the early signs and symptoms of kidney failure is crucial. This question seeks information about these indicators to aid in early diagnosis and prompt treatment.
3. “How Can Kidney Failure be Prevented?”
   Prevention is key in managing kidney health. This question asks for advice on proactive measures, including lifestyle and dietary changes, or ways to manage existing health conditions to protect kidney function.
4. “What are the Alternative Treatments in Case of Kidney Failure?”
   Understanding the available treatment options for kidney failure is important. This question explores alternatives like dialysis, transplantation, or other therapies suited to the patient’s specific condition.

Summary

The questions listed above are designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of kidney failure. Consulting a nephrologist with these questions can offer crucial insights into the causes, early detection, prevention, and treatment options for kidney failure. This conversation is instrumental in gaining informed and personalized information about managing and treating kidney failure effectively.

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SAQ-3 : What happens if both kidneys fail completely in human beings?

Introduction

The kidneys are essential organs responsible for filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood. When both kidneys fail completely, a condition known as End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) develops. This is a severe situation that leads to multiple serious health issues. The following is a detailed explanation of what happens when both kidneys fail completely in humans.

End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)

Definition: ESRD is the final stage of chronic kidney disease, where both kidneys cease to function entirely.

Accumulation of Waste: Without functioning kidneys, the body accumulates extra water and waste materials, resulting in a condition called uremia.

Effects on the Body: The failure of both kidneys leads to several specific health problems, including:

1. Swelling:
   The cause of certain medical conditions is the accumulation of excess water in the body, which can lead to notable effects. One of the primary effects is swelling, frequently observed in the hands and feet. This swelling is a physical manifestation of the body’s inability to regulate its water balance, often indicative of underlying health issues.
2. Weakness and Fatigue:
   The cause of some health issues is the build-up of waste materials in the body, leading to significant effects on an individual’s well-being. One common effect is the experience of constant tiredness and weakness, which can greatly hinder the ability to perform daily activities. This fatigue is a direct result of the body’s struggle to cope with the excessive waste accumulation.
3. Risk of Death:
   The cause of critical health deterioration in certain conditions is the absence of treatment or medical intervention. The effect of not receiving essential medical care, like dialysis or a kidney transplant for renal ailments, can be severe and potentially fatal. This highlights the crucial importance of timely and appropriate medical treatment for managing serious health conditions.

Summary

The complete failure of both kidneys in a human is a critical condition that demands immediate medical attention. It leads to ESRD (End-Stage Renal Disease), where the body loses its ability to filter out waste, causing symptoms like swelling, fatigue, and weakness. Prompt medical intervention, like dialysis or kidney transplantation, is essential to manage this condition and prevent life-threatening consequences. Understanding the impact of kidney failure highlights the importance of maintaining kidney health and seeking appropriate medical care in such critical situations.

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SAQ-4 : Observe the following table answer the questions given below.

Alkaloid	Name of the Plant	Uses
Quinine	Cinchona	Anti malarial drug
Nicotine	Tobacco	Pesticides
Morphine	Opium	Pain Killer
Pyrethroids	Chysanthemum Species	Insectides

Morphine

1. Nature and Classification:
   Often employed as a potent painkiller, it belongs to the class of alkaloids, which are naturally occurring organic compounds characterized by their alkaline properties.
2. Origin and Historical Use:
   It is derived from the opium poppy plant and has been a mainstay in the field of pain management for centuries.
3. Role in Pain Management:
   Due to its ability to alleviate severe pain, morphine is a crucial component in modern medicine, particularly in situations where other pain relief methods may prove insufficient.

Quinine

1. Medicinal Attributes:
   Celebrated for its remarkable medicinal attributes, it is obtained through the extraction process from the bark of the cinchona tree.
2. Origin and Traditional Use:
   This tree, native to the Andes region in South America, has been revered for centuries for its ability to treat malaria and related fevers.
3. Antimalarial Properties of Quinine:
   Quinine, a bitter-tasting compound, is renowned for its antimalarial properties and has played a pivotal role in the treatment and prevention of this deadly disease.
4. Impact on Medicine and Pharmaceuticals:
   Its discovery and subsequent use in medicine have saved countless lives and have significantly contributed to the development of modern pharmaceuticals.

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SAQ-5 : Observe the following table

Name of the Phylum/organism	Excretory System/organ
Protozoa	Diffusion
Porifera	Water bathes all their cells
Platyhelminthes	Flame cells
Annelida	Nephridia
Arthropoda	Green glands
Reptiles, Aves and mammals	Kidney

1. Excretory Systems in Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals:
   Reptiles, birds (Aves), and mammals (including humans) rely on kidneys to filter blood, remove waste such as urea and uric acid, and regulate electrolytes and water balance. Mammalian kidneys also control blood pressure and red blood cell production.
2. Earthworms’ Excretory Mechanism:
   Earthworms employ nephridia, tubular structures that excrete waste through body surface pores and maintain ionic balance.
3. Cockroaches’ Excretory System:
   Cockroaches utilize Malpighian tubules and green glands; the former filters waste from blood into the gut for excretion with feces, while the latter aids in waste elimination.
4. Adaptations Reflecting Environmental Variability:
   These diverse excretory mechanisms reflect the varied environmental adaptations and lifestyles of these organisms.

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SAQ-6 : Draw the structure of an excretory organ which contains Bowman’s capsule and loop of Henle and label it.

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SAQ-7 : Write the differences between functions of PCT and DCT.

Introduction

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and consists of various parts that play different roles in the filtering and purification of blood. Two significant parts of the nephron are the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) and the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT). These structures have distinct functions within the nephron.

Differences Between Functions of PCT and DCT

Function of PCT (Proximal Convoluted Tubule)

1. Re-absorption of Useful Substances:
   The PCT helps in reabsorbing useful substances like glucose, amino acids, vitamin C, potassium, calcium, chloride, and 75% of water from the filtrate. This ensures that these vital substances are retained in the body.
2. Tubular Secretion:
   The PCT is also involved in a small amount of tubular secretion, which aids in the elimination of substances from the blood into the filtrate.

Function of DCT (Distal Convoluted Tubule)

1. Removal of Waste Products:
   The DCT helps in the removal of waste products like urea, uric acid, creatinine, and salt ions like K⁺, Na⁺, and H⁺ ions present in the blood. This helps in eliminating waste from the body.
2. Maintaining pH and Concentration of Urine:
   The DCT also plays a vital role in maintaining the pH and concentration of urine, ensuring that the urinary system functions properly.

Summary

PCT and DCT are integral parts of the nephron, each serving different functions. While PCT is mainly responsible for reabsorbing essential substances and some tubular secretion, DCT is more focused on removing waste products and maintaining the pH and concentration of urine. Understanding these differences can offer insights into how the kidneys filter blood and maintain overall homeostasis in the body.

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SAQ-8 : Prepare four questions to find the reasons for obstructions in excretory system.

Introduction

The excretory system plays a crucial role in the body, helping to remove waste and excess substances. Understanding how it can become obstructed, and the resulting health issues, is vital for both medical professionals and the general population. Here, we’ll address four essential questions related to the potential obstructions in the excretory system, focusing on the kidneys and renal failure.

Questions About Kidney Function and Failure

1. What Happens If the Kidneys Stop Working Completely?
   If the kidneys stop working entirely, it means they are not filtering waste, and this leads to severe health problems. The body will fill with extra waste and water, leading to swelling and other symptoms. If untreated, it can even lead to death.
2. What Is the Disease Caused by Kidney Failure?
   Kidney failure leads to a condition known as End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). This is the final stage of chronic kidney disease, where the kidneys are no longer able to filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood.
3. What Is Uremia?
   Uremia is a severe complication that can result from kidney failure. It occurs when urea and other waste products accumulate in the blood because the kidneys are not functioning correctly. Symptoms include nausea, fatigue, and a bad taste in the mouth.
4. What Symptoms Are Found Before Renal Failure?
   Before renal failure occurs, symptoms might include frequent urination, high blood pressure, fatigue, loss of appetite, and swelling in the hands and feet. These signs may signal that the kidneys are not working as they should, and medical attention should be sought.

Summary

1. Importance of the Excretory System:
   The excretory system, especially the kidneys, is vital for maintaining health by filtering waste products from the blood.
2. Health Implications of Obstructions:
   When obstructions occur, such as kidney failure, it can lead to severe health conditions like End Stage Renal Disease and uremia.
3. Early Symptom Awareness:
   Being aware of the early symptoms can be crucial for timely medical intervention.
4. Relevance for Everyone:
   Understanding these aspects is not only important for healthcare professionals but also for anyone interested in maintaining optimal health.
5. Educational Resource:
   The information here serves as an essential guide for students studying the human excretory system, offering insights into its critical functions and what happens when things go wrong.

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SAQ-9 : Draw a neat labelled diagram of nephron and write the function of glomerulus.

Introduction

The nephron is the basic functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering the blood and producing urine. A key part of the nephron is the glomerulus, a complex structure that plays a vital role in the filtration process. Here, we’ll describe each component of the nephron and the specific role of the glomerulus.

Function of Glomerulus

1. Filtration of Blood in Biological Systems:
   The primary role of certain biological systems is the filtration of blood, where key elements like water, salts, glucose, and small molecules get filtered.
2. Selective Filtration:
   In this process, larger molecules such as proteins and blood cells stay behind, not passing through the filtration barrier.
3. Importance for Health:
   This selective filtration is crucial for maintaining the body’s internal balance and overall health.

Summary

1. The Role of the Nephron:
   The nephron, with its unique structure, performs the critical task of filtering the blood to produce urine.
2. Function of the Glomerulus:
   Within it, the glomerulus acts as the initial filter, allowing specific substances to pass while retaining larger molecules.
3. Importance of Understanding:
   The understanding of this structure is fundamental to grasping how the kidneys function to maintain the balance of substances in our body.
4. Visual Aid for Comprehension:
   Drawing and labeling a diagram of the nephron can provide a visual aid for comprehending this complex structure.
5. Enhancing Knowledge:
   By paying attention to each part, including the glomerulus, students can gain a deeper understanding of the renal system, its function, and its importance in maintaining human health.