2 Most FAQ’s of Human Reproductive System Chapter in Inter 2nd Year Zoology (TS/AP)

8 Marks

LAQ-1 : Describe female reproductive system of a woman with the help of a labelled diagram.

Introduction

The female reproductive system is composed of different parts that work together in the process of reproduction. These parts include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, and accessory glands.

1. Ovaries: The ovaries are the main female sex organs that produce eggs and hormones. Women have two ovaries, one on each side of the lower abdomen. Each ovary is connected to the body by a tissue fold called the mesovarium. The ovaries have an outer layer called the stroma, which consists of an outer part (cortex) and an inner part (medulla). These parts contain blood vessels and nerves.
2. Fallopian Tubes: The fallopian tubes connect each ovary to the uterus. Each tube has a funnel-shaped end (infundibulum) with small, finger-like extensions (fimbriae) that capture the egg after it’s released by the ovary. The tubes move the egg toward the uterus in waves called peristalsis. This is where fertilization usually happens. Each tube is attached to the body by a tissue fold called the mesosalpinx.
3. Uterus: The uterus, or womb, is located between the bladder and rectum. It’s a muscular organ shaped like a large pear. The uterus is connected to the vagina by a narrow part called the cervix. The uterus and cervix together form the birth canal. The wall of the uterus has three layers: perimetrium (outer), myometrium (middle), and endometrium (inner). The endometrium changes during each menstrual cycle.
4. Vagina: The vagina is a muscular tube that extends from the cervix to the outer part of the female body. Its inner lining is made up of cells arranged in layers and it has many blood vessels.
5. Vulva: The vulva is the external part of the female genitals. It includes the opening of the urethra (where urine comes out), the vaginal opening, and the clitoris (a sensitive part that can become erect). The vaginal opening is sometimes partly covered by a membrane called the hymen. The clitoris is similar to the male penis as both are supported by structures called corpora cavernosa. Above the outer lips of the vulva is a fatty pad covered with skin and pubic hair called the mons pubis.
6. Accessory Reproductive Glands: There are three types of accessory glands in the female reproductive system. The Bartholin’s glands are located near the vaginal opening and produce mucus that lubricates the vagina. The Skene’s glands are located near the lower end of the urethra and produce a lubricating fluid. The mammary glands, or breasts, contain glands and fat. After a child is born, these glands produce milk. The milk flows through ducts to the nipple, where the baby can suck it out.

Summary

Understanding the female reproductive system is crucial for Class 12 Board Exam students. This system is complex and includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, and accessory glands, each having specific roles in the process of reproduction. From the ovaries that produce eggs and hormones to the mammary glands that produce milk for a newborn, each part plays a vital role in the continuation of human life. By understanding this system in detail, students can better appreciate its role and functions in the context of human biology.

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LAQ-2 : Describe male reproductive system of a man Draw a labelled diagram.

Introduction

The male reproductive system is designed for the production and delivery of sperm. It consists of six main parts: testes, epididymis, vasa deferentia, urethra, penis, and accessory glands.

1. Testes: The testes are the primary male sex organs that produce sperm. They are oval-shaped, pinkish, and hang outside the body in a pouch called the scrotum. The scrotum helps keep the testes at a lower temperature than the rest of the body, which is necessary for sperm production. The testes are held in the scrotum by a structure called the gubernaculum. They are connected to the body by a network of blood vessels, nerves, and a tube called the vas deferens, collectively forming the spermatic cord. Inside each testis are about 250 lobules containing seminiferous tubules, where sperm is produced. Sertoli cells inside the tubules nourish the sperm, and Leydig cells in the space outside the tubules produce the hormone testosterone.
2. Epididymis: The epididymis is a long, narrow, coiled tube on the backside of each testis. This is where sperm mature and are stored. The epididymis has three parts: the caput (head), corpus (body), and cauda (tail). Sperm move from the testis to the epididymis through tiny tubes called the vasa efferentia.
3. Vasa Deferentia: The vasa deferentia are long, narrow, muscular tubes that start at the tail of the epididymis and loop over the urinary bladder. These tubes carry sperm from the epididymis to the urethra, located in the prostate gland.
4. Urethra: The urethra is a tube that starts at the urinary bladder and runs through the penis to an external opening, the urethral meatus. It serves a dual function: carrying urine from the bladder and carrying semen, which includes sperm, out of the body during ejaculation.
5. Penis: The penis is an organ that serves two purposes: it carries urine and semen out of the body, and during sexual intercourse, it delivers sperm into the female vagina. The penis has three columns of tissue: two upper corpora cavernosa and one lower corpus spongiosum. The tip of the penis, called the glans, is covered by a loose skin called the prepuce or foreskin.
6. Accessory Glands: There are three accessory glands in the male reproductive system: seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands. The seminal vesicles contribute about 60% of the fluid in semen and provide energy for the sperm. The prostate gland contributes 15-30% of the seminal fluid and helps activate the sperm. The bulbourethral glands release an alkaline fluid that neutralizes acid in the urethra and provides lubrication during sexual intercourse.

Summary

The male reproductive system, comprising the testes, epididymis, vasa deferentia, urethra, penis, and accessory glands, plays a crucial role in human reproduction. This system is responsible for producing and delivering sperm, as well as producing hormones that contribute to male sexual characteristics.