Biotechnology and Its Applications (VSAQs)
Botany-2 | 12. Biotechnology And Its Applications – VSAQs:
Welcome to “VSAQs” in “Chapter 12: Biotechnology And Its Applications”. This page covers the most important VSAQs from previous exams. Use these concise answers to strengthen your understanding and get ready to do well in your final exams.
VSAQ-1: Give different types of cry genes and pests which are controlled by the proteins encoded by these genes.
Cry Genes and Their Pest Control
Cry genes are special genes used in biotechnology to produce proteins that help control pests. These proteins are like natural pesticides that target specific insects. For example, the Cry I Ac and Cry II Ab genes produce proteins that are effective against cotton bollworms. These pests are known for damaging cotton crops, but the proteins from these genes help protect the plants.
Another important gene is Cry I Ab, which produces a protein that targets corn borers. Corn borers are pests that affect corn crops, and the Cry I Ab protein helps keep them under control. By using these cry genes, scientists can protect crops from these damaging pests, leading to healthier plants and better yields.
VSAQ-2: Can a disease be detected before its symptoms appear? Explain the principle involved.
Detecting Diseases Early
Yes, it is possible to detect diseases before symptoms appear using advanced techniques like PCR and ELISA. Think of PCR as a powerful magnifying glass that can detect tiny amounts of DNA or RNA, even if it’s present in just a small quantity. This technique amplifies specific genetic material, making it easier to identify the presence of a disease early on.
On the other hand, ELISA works like a detection kit that uses the natural interaction between antigens (disease markers) and antibodies (proteins that recognize antigens). This technique can find disease markers at very low concentrations, even before symptoms show up. Both PCR and ELISA are crucial for early diagnosis, allowing for timely treatment and better outcomes for patients.
VSAQ-3: What is GEAC and what are its objectives?
Understanding GEAC
GEAC, or the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee, is a key body that reviews and makes decisions about the safety and impact of genetically modified (GM) research. Think of GEAC as the gatekeeper for introducing GM organisms into the environment and for public use.
Objectives of GEAC
The main goals of GEAC are to evaluate and approve proposals for the release of GM crops while ensuring they meet strict regulatory guidelines and environmental safety standards. By overseeing these aspects, GEAC helps ensure that GM technology is used safely and responsibly, protecting both people and the environment.
VSAQ-4: Name the nematode that infects the roots of tobacco plants. Name the strategy adopted to prevent this infestation.
Nematode Infestation and Prevention
The nematode that attacks the roots of tobacco plants is called Meloidogyne incognita. This pest can cause significant damage to the plants, affecting their growth and yield.
To tackle this problem, scientists use a strategy known as RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi works like a genetic silencer that targets and shuts down specific genes in the nematode, preventing it from infecting and harming the tobacco plants. By using this method, the health of tobacco crops can be safeguarded more effectively, minimizing damage from these pests.
VSAQ-5: For which variety of Indian rice has a patent been filed by a USA company?
Patent Controversy Over Basmati Rice
A patent was filed by a USA company for Basmati rice, a variety of rice that has been traditionally grown in India and neighboring regions. This patent application, made in the late 1990s, included claims about specific varieties of Basmati rice.
The patent filing created controversy because it involved traditional rice varieties with a long history of cultivation in India. Concerns were raised about the potential control and commercialization of these traditional genetic resources. Following protests and legal challenges, the patent claims were eventually limited, and the patent was not granted in its original scope.
VSAQ-6: Give one example for each of transgenic plants which are suitable for food processing and those with improved nutritional quality.
Transgenic Plants for Food Processing
One notable example of a transgenic plant designed for food processing is the “Flavr Savr” tomato. This genetically modified tomato has been engineered to have a longer shelf life, which is a significant advantage for both food processing and transportation. It is developed to stay fresh longer and have an improved flavor, making it more suitable for commercial use and extending its usability in food products.
Transgenic Plants with Improved Nutritional Quality
An example of a transgenic plant with improved nutritional quality is “Golden Rice”. This genetically modified rice is enriched with beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A, which is essential for preventing vitamin A deficiency. Golden Rice serves as a staple food that can help improve nutritional quality in regions where vitamin A deficiency is prevalent, offering a significant boost to the diet of those who consume it regularly.
VSAQ-7: What is Green Revolution? Who is regarded as the father of Green Revolution?
The Green Revolution
The Green Revolution refers to a major leap in agricultural productivity achieved through the adoption of high-yielding crop varieties, modern farming techniques, and enhanced management practices. This movement transformed agriculture by increasing food production significantly, making it possible to feed a growing global population.
Norman Borlaug: Father of the Green Revolution
Norman Borlaug, an American agronomist, is celebrated as the Father of the Green Revolution. His pioneering work in developing disease-resistant and high-yielding wheat varieties played a crucial role in addressing global food shortages and improving food security. His contributions were instrumental in achieving the remarkable increase in crop production that defines the Green Revolution.