Reproduction (SAQs)

Biology | 6. Reproduction – SAQs:
Welcome to SAQs in Chapter 6: Reproduction. This page contains the most Important FAQs for Short Answer Questions in this Chapter. Each answer is provided in simple English, with a Telugu explanation, and formatted according to the exam style. This will support your preparation and help you secure top marks in your exams.

---

SAQ-1 : Write any four slogans for propanganda against female foeticide.

Introduction:

Female foeticide, the act of aborting a fetus simply because it’s female, is a troubling practice that is still prevalent in some parts of the world. Raising awareness about this grave issue is essential, and one effective way to do this is through powerful slogans that emphasize gender equality and respect for life. Here are four slogans that can be used in propaganda against female foeticide:

1. Upholding the Value of Life:
   “Respect life, say no to female foeticide.” This slogan underscores the significance of valuing all life, urging individuals to denounce female foeticide and reinforcing the idea that every life is precious.
2. Recognizing the Role of Women:
   “If a girl becomes rare, who will provide you the best care.” This slogan highlights the crucial role women play in society and the societal consequences of female foeticide, pointing out the major imbalance its absence would cause.
3. Rejecting Harmful Practices:
   “Don’t deny life, deny the practice of female foeticide.” It emphasizes upholding the right to life for everyone and advocates for the rejection of harmful practices like female foeticide.
4. Advocating for Gender Equality:
   “Give equality to the genders, fight against female foeticide.” This slogan promotes the essential concept of gender equality, conveying that true equality requires fighting against practices like female foeticide.

Summary:

In conclusion, these four slogans are pivotal in raising awareness about the horrors of female foeticide and the urgent need to end this practice. By highlighting respect for life, recognizing the importance of women, rejecting harmful practices, and advocating for gender equality, we can work towards a more inclusive and fair society. These slogans are a call to action, advocating for a world where each life is valued, and every child, irrespective of gender, has an equal chance to thrive. Publishing this content aims to contribute to the larger global efforts against female foeticide.

---

SAQ-2 : Prepare four questions on meiosis to conduct a quiz programme.

1. What is the primary function of meiosis in organisms?
   Growth and Repair, Asexual Reproduction, Production of Gametes, and DNA Replication are key biological processes, each playing a crucial role in the life cycle and maintenance of organisms.
2. In what significant way does meiosis differ from mitosis?
   The significant differences between meiosis and mitosis include the number of daughter cells produced, the type of cells in which it occurs, and the genetic makeup of the daughter cells; essentially, these differences encompass all of the above mentioned factors.
3. In which cells does meiosis typically occur?
   Meiosis typically occurs in germ cells, as opposed to somatic cells, stem cells, or all cells in an organism.
4. Who is credited with the discovery of meiosis?
   The discovery of meiosis is credited to Oscar Hertwig, rather than James Watson and Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, or Gregor Mendel.
5. How many daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis?
   At the end of meiosis, four daughter cells are produced, not two, six, or eight.

---

SAQ-3 : Observe the diagram and answer the following questions.

i. Name male and female reproductive parts of the figure.

ii. Write the names of 1 and 2 in the diagram.

Introduction:

Let’s examine a flower’s reproductive structure, focusing on the male and female parts, and identifying two parts labeled in the diagram.

Male and Female Reproductive Parts

• The male part of the flower is called the stamen.
• The female part is known as the carpel.

Parts Labeled in the Diagram

• The part labeled as ‘1‘ in the diagram is the Sepal.
• The part labeled as ‘2‘ is the Corolla petal.

Summary:

We learned about the male and female reproductive parts of a flower – the stamen and carpel, respectively. Additionally, we identified two parts from the diagram: the Sepal (1) and the Corolla petal (2). Understanding the structure of a flower is crucial for learning about plant reproduction.

---

SAQ-4 : Draw the picture of Datura flower and label it. Write about reproductive parts.

Introduction:

Although we cannot draw a picture here, we will discuss the reproductive parts of a Datura flower, focusing on its male and female components: the stamen and carpels respectively.

Stamen

The stamen is the male reproductive part of the flower, commonly referred to as the androecium. It is responsible for producing male sex cells, which are contained within pollen grains.

Carpels

1. Carpels as Female Reproductive Parts:
   Carpels, the female reproductive parts of the flower, are also known as the gynoecium and are crucial for producing female sex cells.
2. Composition of Each Carpel:
   Each carpel is made up of three parts: the stigma, the style, and the ovary.
3. Function of the Stigma:
   The stigma receives pollen containing male sex cells.
4. Role of the Style:
   The style acts as a conduit for pollen to travel from the stigma to the ovary.
5. Ovary and Fertilization Process:
   The ovary is where the fusion of male and female sex cells occurs, leading to the formation of a zygote.

Summary

In this discussion, we’ve covered the primary reproductive parts of a Datura flower: the stamen (male) and the carpels (female). The stamen produces pollen containing male sex cells, while the carpels, comprising the stigma, style, and ovary, facilitate the fusion of male and female sex cells. Understanding these parts provides insight into the reproductive process of flowers.

---

SAQ-5 : Write the process involved in seedless fruit development with two suitable example.

Introduction

In some plants, the development of fruits without seeds occurs, a process known as parthenocarpy. This involves the direct transformation of the ovary into a fruit, bypassing the fertilization of the ovules.

Understanding Parthenocarpy:
Parthenocarpy is a special process of fruit formation that omits the typical fertilization step. The ovary of the flower transforms directly into a fruit, circumventing the fertilization process where the ovules usually develop into seeds.

Examples of Parthenocarpy

1. Grapes:
   Some varieties of grapes are known to be seedless, a characteristic resulting from parthenocarpy. In this process, the fruit develops without the fertilization of ovules, leading to the formation of seedless grapes.
2. Watermelons:
   Similar to grapes, certain varieties of watermelons are seedless, resulting from parthenocarpy, where the watermelon fruit develops without the fertilization of ovules.

Summary

Parthenocarpy is an important process in plant reproduction, leading to the development of seedless fruits. It entails the direct transformation of the ovary into a fruit, skipping the fertilization of the ovules. This phenomenon is observed in some varieties of grapes and watermelons, making them more convenient for consumption due to the absence of seeds.

---

SAQ-6 : Draw and label the diagram of human sperm cell.

---

SAQ-7 : Identify the flower parts a, b, c, d and write their main function.

Introduction

Understanding the structure of a flower and its different parts is crucial for comprehending how plants reproduce. In this piece, we’ll identify and describe the main functions of the flower parts labeled as a, b, c, and d.

Flower Part Identification and Their Functions:

1. Ovary:
   The ovary is the part labeled as ‘a’ in the flower. Its main function is to serve as the female reproductive part of the flower, where the female gametes, or ovules, are produced.
2. Style:
   The style, labeled as ‘b’, plays a crucial role in plant reproduction. It acts as a conduit for the pollen tube, facilitating access to the ovary, which is essential for successful fertilization.
3. Stamen:
   The stamen, referred to as ‘c’, is the male reproductive part of the plant, comprising the anther and the filament.
4. Anther:
   The anther, labeled as ‘d’, is part of the stamen. Its primary role is in the production of male gametes, or pollen grains, which are crucial for the fertilization of the ovules in the ovary.

Summary

The parts of a flower – the ovary (a), style (b), stamen (c), and anther (d) – each have distinct functions in the plant’s reproductive process. The ovary and style are involved in the production and transportation of female gametes, while the stamen and anther are responsible for the creation and distribution of male gametes. Understanding these parts and their functions provides fundamental knowledge about the fascinating process of plant reproduction.

---

SAQ-8 : Draw the figure of metaphase in mitosis and write about it.

Introduction

Mitosis is a process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell. It’s crucial for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction in all living beings. The second stage of mitosis is known as metaphase.

Understanding Metaphase in Mitosis

1. Chromosome Movement:
   During the metaphase stage of mitosis, chromosomes move towards a central area within the cell, known as the spindle equator.
2. Centromere and Spindle Fibre Attachment:
   The centromere, a specific DNA sequence on a chromosome, attaches to structures called spindle fibers. This is essential for ensuring that each new cell receives an exact copy of the parent cell’s chromosomes.

Summary

Metaphase is a critical phase in the process of mitosis. The precise movement of chromosomes and their attachment to spindle fibers ensures that the two resulting daughter cells will contain identical genetic material. Understanding metaphase is key to grasping how cells divide and replicate, a fundamental process for all organisms.

---

SAQ-9 : When does parthenogenesis occur? Write names of two animals in which parthenogenesis takes place.

Introduction

Parthenogenesis is a specific form of asexual reproduction where new individuals originate from unfertilized eggs or gametes. It’s a reproductive strategy allowing female organisms to produce offspring without male involvement.

Unfertilized Eggs and Development

In parthenogenesis, female gametes, typically eggs, transform into a zygote even without fertilization. A zygote represents the first stage in the development of a new organism.

Parthenogenesis in Animals

This type of asexual reproduction is observed in certain animal species, including:

1. Ants: Some ant species reproduce through parthenogenesis, where an unfertilized egg can develop into a fully-grown adult.
2. Bees and Wasps: Various species of bees and wasps exhibit this reproductive strategy. Typically, males result from unfertilized eggs, while females develop from fertilized eggs.

Summary

Parthenogenesis is a unique reproductive method observed in some animal species, involving the development of new individuals from unfertilized eggs or gametes, primarily in females. Notable examples include certain species of ants, bees, and wasps. Understanding parthenogenesis enhances our knowledge of the diverse reproductive strategies in the animal kingdom.